The role of socioeconomic and environmental factors on the number of tuberculosis cases in Indonesia

Andi Kustanto

doi:10.29259/jep.v18i2.12553

The role of socioeconomic and environmental factors on the number of tuberculosis cases in Indonesia

Andi Kustanto

Abstract

The threat of TB continues to occur in the world. In 2018, 10 million people suffered from TB, and 1.5 million people die from this infectious disease. Referring to target 3 of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) goals 03 regarding good health and well-being, by 2030, end the epidemic of AIDS, TB, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases, and other communicable diseases. Based on data from the WHO, Indonesia ranks 3rd for TB cases globally. The estimated population suffering from TB is 845,000 cases; only 68 percent of cases were found and treated in 2018. The high number of TB cases in Indonesia could threaten the golden generation's opportunity in the next 2025 demographic bonus, where the number of productive age population is higher than the population non-productive age. This study found that population factors such as population, population density, and the number of poor people had a positive and significant effect on TB cases. In contrast, the GRDP per capita, the number of health workers, and literacy rates negatively affected the TB cases.Furthermore,environmental factors from the availability of proper sanitation and toilet facilities show a negative but insignificant effect on TB cases.

Keywords

health, population, poverty, socioeconomic, tuberculosis

Full Text:

PDF

References

Apolinario, D., Ribeiro, A. I., Krainski, E., Sousa, P., Abranches, M., & Duarte, R. (2017). Tuberculosis inequalities and socio-economic deprivation in Portugal. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 21(7), 784–789. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.16.0907.

Austin, K. F., DeScisciolo, C., & Samuelsen, L. (2016). The Failures of Privatization: A Comparative Investigation of Tuberculosis Rates and the Structure of Healthcare in Less-Developed Nations, 1995-2010. World Development, 78, 450–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.027.

Baltagi, B. H. (2015). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (5th Ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Bhunu, C. P., Mushayabasa, S., & Smith, R. J. (2012). Assessing the effects of poverty in tuberculosis transmission dynamics. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36(9), 4173–4185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2011.11.046.

Boyacio?lu, E. Z. (2012). The Importance of Health Expenditure on Sustainable Development. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 4(2), 147–158.

Burki, T. K. (2018). The global cost of tuberculosis. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine, 6(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30468-X.

Caminero, J. A. (2008). An ecological analysis of incidence of tuberculosis and per capita gross domestic product. European Respiratory Journal, 32(5), 1413–1415. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00094708.

Chandra, S., Sharma, N., Joshi, K., Aggarwal, N., & Kannan, A. T. (2014). Resurrecting social infrastructure as a determinant of urban tuberculosis control in delhi, india. Health Research Policy and Systems, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-12-3.

Datiko, D. G., Yassin, M. A., Theobald, S. J., Blok, L., Suvanand, S., Creswell, J., & Cuevas, L. E. (2017). Health extension workers improve tuberculosis case finding and treatment outcome in Ethiopia: A large-scale implementation study. BMJ Global Health, 2(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000390.

De Castro, D. B., De Seixas Maciel, E. M. G., Sadahiro, M., Pinto, R. C., De Albuquerque, B. C., & Braga, J. U. (2018). Tuberculosis incidence inequalities and its social determinants in Manaus from 2007 to 2016. International Journal for Equity in Health, 17(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0900-3.

Dotulong, J. F. J., Sapulete, M. R., & Kandou, G. D. (2015). Hubungan Faktor Risiko Umur, Jenis Kelamin Dan Kepadatan Hunian Dengan Kejadian Penyakit Tb Paru Di Desa Wori Kecamatan Wori. Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas Dan Tropik, 3(2), 57–65.

Duarte, R., Lönnroth, K., Carvalho, C., Lima, F., Carvalho, A. C. C., Muñoz-Torrico, M., & Centis, R. (2018). Tuberculosis, social determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV). Pulmonology, 24(2), 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rppnen.2017.11.003.

Gandy, M., & Zumla, A. (2002). The resurgence of disease: social and historical perspectives on the ‘new’ tuberculosis. Social Science and Medicine, 55, 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00176-9.

Global TB Caucus. (2017). The Price of A Pandemic 2017.

Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education Publishing.

Hargreaves, J. R., Boccia, D., Evans, C. A., Adato, M., Petticrew, M., & Porter, J. D. H. (2011). The social determinants of tuberculosis: from evidence to action. American Journal of Public Health, 101(4), 654–662. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.199505.

Hariadi, E., Iswanto, & Ahmad, R. A. (2009). Hubungan Faktor Petugas Puskesmas Dengan Cakupan Penderita Tuberculosis Paru BTA Positif. 25(4), 189–194.

Headey, D. D., & Hoge, A. (2009). The Effect of Population Growth on Economic Growth. Population and Development Review, 35(2), 221–248.

Jackson, S., Sleigh, A. C., Wang, G. J., & Liu, X. L. (2006). Poverty and the economic effects of TB in rural China. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 10(10), 1104–1110.

Janssens, J.-P., & Rieder, H. L. (2008). An Ecological Analysis of Incidence of Tuberculosis and Per Capita Gross Domestic Product. European Respiratory Journal, 32(5), 1413–1415. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00094708.

Ministry of Health. (2018). Data dan Informasi Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2018. Ministry of Health. Jakarta.

Kompas. (2020). 1971, Separuh Penduduk Indonesia Terjangkit TBC. Retrieved from https://kompas.id/baca/video/2020/03/26/1971-separuh-penduduk-indonesia-terjangkit-tbc.

Kustanto, A. (2020a). Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Regional di Indonesia: Peran Infrastruktur, Modal Manusia, dan Keterbukaan Perdagangan. Buletin Studi Ekonomi, 25(1), 80–98.https://doi.org/10.24843/BSE.2020.v25.i01.p05.

Kustanto, A. (2020b). Water quality in Indonesia: The role of socioeconomic indicators. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 18(1), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.29259/jep.v18i1.11509.

Liu, Y., Li, X., Wang, W., Li, Z., Hou, M., He, Y., … Guo, X. (2012). Investigation of space-time clusters and geospatial hot spots for the occurrence of tuberculosis in Beijing. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 16(4), 486–491. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.11.0255.

Lönnroth, K., Jaramillo, E., Williams, B., Dye, C., & Raviglione, M. (2010). Tuberculosis: The Role of Risk Factors and Social Determinants. In A. S. K. Erik Blas (Ed.), Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes (pp. 219–241). https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.51.385.

Mahara, G., Yang, K., Chen, S., Wang, W., & Guo, X. (2018). Socio-Economic Predictors and Distribution of Tuberculosis Incidence in Beijing, China: A Study Using a Combination of Spatial Statistics and GIS Technology. Medical Sciences, 6(26), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci6020026.

Marais, B. J., Hesseling, A. C., & Cotton, M. F. (2009). Poverty and tuberculosis: is it trully a simple inverse linear correlation? European Respiratory Journal, 33(4), 942–943. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00182808.

Mariana, M., Novita, E., Pariyana, P., Haryani, A. M., & Trikurnia, R. (2020). Analysis of Personal Hygiene, Household Sanitation Status of Lungs Tuberculosis Nutrition. Majalah Kedokteran Sriwijaya, 52(1), 275–282.

Oxlade, O., & Murray, M. (2012). Tuberculosis and Poverty: Why Are the Poor at Greater Risk in India? PLoS ONE, 7(11), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047533.

Pedrazzoli, D., Boccia, D., Dodd, P. J., Lönnroth, K., Dowdy, D. W., Siroka, A., … Houben, R. M. G. J. (2017). Modelling the social and structural determinants of tuberculosis: Opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 21(9), 957–964. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.16.0906.

Peterson, E. W. F. (2017). The role of population in economic growth. SAGE Open, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017736094.

Pratama, W., & Wulandari, S. P. (2015). Pemetaan dan Pemodelan Jumlah Kasus Penyakit Tuberculosis ( TBC ) di Provinsi Jawa Barat dengan Pendekatan Geographically Weighted Negative Binomial Regression. Jurnal Sains Dan Seni ITS, 4(1), 37–42.

Rocha, C., Montoya, R., Zevallos, K., Curatola, A., Ynga, W., Franco, J., … Evans, C. A. (2011). The Innovative Socio-economic Interventions Against Tuberculosis (ISIAT) project: An operational assessment. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 15(SUPPL. 2), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.10.0447.

Rodrigues, N. C. P., Andrade, M. K. de N., O’Dwyer, G., Flynn, M., Braga, J. U., Almeida, A. S. de, … Lino, V. T. S. (2017). Distribution of pulmonary tuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): a spatial analysis. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 22(12), 4125–4134. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320172212.0143016.

Santic, Z., & Galic, K. (2013). Epidemiology of Tuberculosis During the Period 1703 – 2011: Honoring the World Tuberculosis Day. Materia Socio Medica, 25(4), 291–294. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2013.25.291-294.

Shi, Y., Guo, S., & Sun, P. (2017). The role of infrastructure in China’s regional economic growth. Journal of Asian Economics, 49, 26–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2017.02.004.

Speybroeck, N., Kinfu, Y., Poz, M. R. D., & Evans, D. B. (2006). Reassessing the relationship between human resources for health , intervention coverage and health outcomes.

Suk, J. E., Manissero, D., Büscher, G., & Semenza, J. C. (2009). Wealth inequality and tuberculosis elimination in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(11), 1812–1814. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1511.090916.

Tupasi, T. E., Radhakrishna, S., Quelapio, M. I. D., Villa, M. L. A., Pascual, M. L. G., Rivera, A. B., … Mantala, M. J. (2000). Tuberculosis in the urban poor settlements in the Philippines. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 4(2), 4–11.

UNICEF. (2017). Air, Sanitasi dan Kebersihan (WASH): Mewujudkan lingkungan yang bersih untuk hidup, bermain, dan belajar bagi anak-anak. The United Nations Children's Fund. Jakarta. Retrieved November 11, 2020, from https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/id/air-sanitasi-dan-kebersihan-wash.

Uplekar, M., Weil, D., Lonnroth, K., Jaramillo, E., Lienhardt, C., Dias, H. M., … Raviglione, M. (2015). WHO’s new end TB strategy. The Lancet, 385(9979), 1799–1801. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60570-0.

Wong, M. K., Yadav, R.-P., Nishikiori, N., & Eang, M. T. (2013). The association between household poverty rates and tuberculosis case notification rates in Cambodia, 2010. Western Pacific Surveill and Response Journal, 4(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2013.4.1.002.

World Bank. (2018). Poverty and Shared Prospertiy: Piecing Together The Poverty Puzzle. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1330-6.

WHO. (2015). Implementing the end TB strategy: the essentials. World Health Organization. Geneva.

WHO. (2017). Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. World Health Organization. Geneva.

WHO. (2019). Global Tuberculosis Report 2019. World Health Organization. Geneva.

Wubuli, A., Xue, F., Jiang, D., Yao, X., & Upur, H. (2015). Socio-Demographic Predictors and Distribution of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) in Xinjiang, China: A Spatial Analysis. PLoS ONE, 2013, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144010.

Zaman, K. (2010). Tuberculosis: A global health problem. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 28(2), 111–113. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v28i2.4879.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29259/jep.v18i2.12553

Refbacks

There are currently no refbacks.

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan
Jalan Raya Palembang-Prabumulih Km. 32
Jurusan Ekonomi Pembangunan, Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Sriwijaya
Indralaya, Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia
Email: jep.unsri@gmail.com, Tel/Fax : (0711)580231

p-ISSN: 1829-5843, e-ISSN 2685-0788